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India, home to 1.45 billion people, recently surpassed China as the world’s most populous country. However, behind this demographic milestone lies an unexpected challenge. While national leaders once warned that a large population could hinder development, several southern states now face the opposite problem: falling fertility rates. This decline is more than just a demographic problem. A declining birth rate could reduce the future labor force, strain health and social services, and weaken political influence, since parliamentary representation and federal funding are tied to population size.
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